Tainan 台南事

【Inside out系列講座 III】熱蘭遮與巴達維亞的今昔:談台灣與印尼之間的歷史關係與文化遺緒

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*前情提要*
講者賴英泰於今年夏天作為奧賽德工廠於東南亞三國進行「『+8 Time Zone』:島嶼東南亞三城口述歷史及社區藝術探勘計畫」成員之一,將藉由本次講座,將他在印尼的所見所聞呈現給各位聽眾。

〖講座內容〗

在你的印象之中,印尼是個什麼樣的地方呢?是環境仍有進步空間的開發中國家嗎?印尼人的樣貌又是什麼呢?是不是幫忙處理家務、照顧年邁長輩的移工呢?但你知道,其實台灣跟印尼兩地在過往的歷史上有著許多關聯性嗎?歷史上,兩國不僅共享南島語系的民族底蘊,也曾同時受過荷蘭東印度公司的殖民統治,認真說起來,有整整38年的時間,台灣不但規屬印尼管轄,還有許多台灣人「移民」到印尼呢!身為台灣人的我們,對於荷蘭殖民時代的記憶或許已經相當稀薄,正因如此,本講座用歷史圖像與資料,來回顧大航海時代在巴達維亞城與熱蘭遮城之間,因人、事、物往來與移動所發生的故事。

雖然台灣與印尼之間被荷蘭殖民的共同歷史被鄭成功給斬斷了,但大清帝國統治台灣的兩百多年之間,兩地透過華商所建立起的商業貿易網絡仍然持續保持著人脈與商業往來關係,這個關係直到二十世紀初台灣成為日本殖民地之後仍然存在。你知道台灣最老的民營銀行之一,成立時曾有來自印尼華商的重要資金投資嗎?與此同時,新興的大日本帝國所發起的南進政策與大東亞戰爭,將兩地的命運再次絞在一起:無論是帝國的高砂義勇隊,或者是印尼的獨立軍之中,都能見到台灣人的身影。時至今日,吾人仍能從印尼華人的媽祖信仰、祭孔方式等等的文化遺緒之中,找到與台灣、閩南文化的共通連結。

〖關於講者〗賴英泰

現為國立政治大學台灣史研究所博士生;曾任策展團隊奧賽德工廠顧問。台北當代藝術館「街大歡囍」藝術家,作品為《光能報》、《赤峰誌》;2014年台北雙年展系列講座、國立台北藝術大學課程演講;台北捷運20週年活動導覽講師。碩士論文以台灣電影作為研究主題,討論藝術如何再現這個島國的認同,榮獲第五屆莊萬壽教授台灣人文研究獎。現今主要研究興趣為台灣島內外的文化交流與生成史、社區發展歷史與藝術的關聯性、台灣與東南亞的歷史和藝術交流等議題。著有〈從歷史與社會背景看台灣後戒嚴世代的觀點—對東南亞當代藝術策展過程的參與和觀察〉、〈台灣海峽兩岸的網路印象—以台灣人在廈門的印象為例〉、〈台北城赤峰街的前世今生與文化流動〉等文。

 

〖講座摘錄 2016.11.27

Speaker: 賴英泰, 整理: 陳湘汶

本次講座的內容源起於2016年的文化部青年園丁「+8 Time Zonw:島嶼東南亞三城口述歷史及社區藝術探勘計畫」,期間走訪了菲律賓達沃(Davao+馬尼拉(Manila)、馬來西亞亞庇(Kota Kinabalu)、汶萊斯里巴加萬(Sri Bakawan)、印尼望加錫(Makassar+雅加達(Jakarta)等城市。去到東南亞比較二線的城市參訪當地的策展模式跟遺址等,他們(東南亞)正在成長,去與他們做文化交流。而其中例如馬尼拉、雅加達等城市都都跟台灣的歷史相當有關,本次講座內容是著重於台灣與東南亞相關的歷史。

巴達維亞與福爾摩沙

文化園丁踏訪的地點包括菲律賓、馬來西亞、汶萊、印尼,我們一般將東南亞分成兩大類,一類是我們所稱的中南半島,而海上有許多島嶼,我們這次拜訪比較多島嶼的部分,菲律賓而後去馬來西亞最後再到印尼。台灣跟印尼,首先大家都知道這兩地有個共通點是:同時被荷蘭人殖民,之前呢有南島文化語系的,他們有相關聯的語言、文化、宗教等等,菲律賓北邊小島(巴丹島)跟蘭嶼(達悟族)其實有非常相關聯的語言,南島文化(Austronesian)的範圍裡你們能看到東北角有到夏威夷,東南角到復活島,整個文化跟台灣都相當有關。西方人17世紀來到這地方後,荷蘭人來到之前英國、西班牙人都在東亞跟東南亞爭奪海上貿易,荷蘭東印度公司負責香料,來東南亞是來壟斷香料的貿易所以才主要想統治這裡,1621年他們從英國人手上拿下班達島、倫島、艾島。

荷蘭人壟斷主要香料來源,1621-1623荷蘭人尚未建立政權的年份,他們到閩南沿海抓人到澎湖建城、也曾派人到大員試建城牆。1624年進入世界史,荷蘭人在安平建立了奧倫治城(大家有看到名字是orange)後來改名叫Zeelandia,翻譯為熱蘭遮,這個名詞要用台語念就會非常接近荷蘭語。

1636年來自巴達維亞的華人甲必丹蘇鳴崗,他跟荷蘭人申請過來台灣開墾,申請土地並且招來漢人的移民,大規模經營農業,也蓋了漂亮的住宅等。

然而荷蘭人與台灣原住民也曾發生過衝突,如金獅島(Gouden Leeuw)屠殺。金獅島在東港外海的小琉球,以前原住民人口非常多,荷蘭船隻在那裡發生船難,而原住民將擱淺在該處的荷蘭人殺光,後來荷蘭試圖要報復,把原住民困進地洞裡用煙薰等方式殺光(報復)他們,導致該地人口急速下降,婦女小孩併入新港社,男人則分配去巴達維亞做苦工,然而許多人在中途就死了,同時小女孩也會被送過去那邊撫養,或送到台灣,女生們培養成基督徒,長大後跟東印度公司的人結婚,這樣職員就可以留在台灣不會離開,這是殖民者所打的如意算盤。

到了1661年,鄭成功率軍攻打大員,後荷蘭人投降退出台灣,返回巴達維亞。而最後一任的荷蘭東印度公司大員長官揆一(Fredrick Coyett)則被認定要為失去台灣負責,流放到印尼班達群島當中的小島艾島(Pulau Ai)。

因為數百年的統治,雅加達至今到處都是荷蘭人留下的建築物,豐富且多樣,荷蘭東印度公司的市政廳被留下來當博物館。雅加達城內就像是有小阿姆斯特丹,城中的廣場假日會有街頭藝人,遊客騎著腳踏車閒晃,雅加達海洋博物館,也是荷蘭式老舊建築,那沒有被再利用的建築就是荒廢在一旁,路邊到處都可以看到殖民時代的房子。我在雅加達試圖去尋找原巴達維亞城的位置,對照舊圖片的巴達維亞城,現在什麼都沒有了,就像是工業區裡面的道路。因為鄰近海邊所以容易淹水發生傳染病,所以後來荷蘭人決定遷往內地。

在雅加達的偶戲博物館(Wayang Museum)裡面看到庫恩總督(Jan Pieterszoon Coen)的(復刻的)墓碑,庫恩在台灣史上有重要的位置,當時他被派往澳門但是戰敗因此才來到台灣。說到了庫恩,東印度公司裡與庫恩總督同事的史貝克斯總督(Jacque Specx),他是林布蘭的藏家,而當時他是被派往日本,在日本的時候生下了一位私生女「莎拉」,而當時東印度公司不允許私生子,因此統一將這些私生子女送往印尼的總督家管理,莎拉就剛好被分至庫恩家中,12歲的莎拉卻愛上了年輕少尉,最後少尉被砍頭,莎拉遭處鞭刑,造成了史貝克斯與庫恩的嫌隙。

後來我們到了望加錫參觀鹿特丹堡(Fort Rotterdam),原是當地的王國所建造,蘇丹王曾在此抵禦外來的軍隊,在造型上就像是一隻烏龜一樣。後來荷蘭人佔領之後擴充了圍城範圍,這個城牆高度其實不高,內部也有一個教堂。現今已成為觀光景點,會有人來拍婚紗、學生到這邊團體活動等等。台南的熱蘭遮城相對鹿特丹堡,實際上大很多,熱蘭遮城它有內城跟外城,建物設計很相像不過熱蘭遮城有三層高,如果還存在的話,真的會很震撼。

近代印尼與台灣

20世紀說起,台灣是在日本統治時代,而印尼一直還是荷蘭殖民。荷屬東印度地區,東南亞、中國、台灣⋯⋯講閩南語的都互相非常有關聯。板橋林家負責人林熊徵在日統時期與日本人開了家銀行(華南銀行),他們想南進。台灣都是華人,日本想要利用華人跟那些地方建立關係,分別在廣州、新加坡、泗水、三寶瓏這些地方設立分行。郭春秧(華人巨商,曾為印尼四大糖王之一)則是在三寶瓏做糖業貿易,回到台灣做茶葉、再到香港做貿易,商人想要賺錢都一樣要跟政治當局保持關係。

1930年代開始日本要南進,台灣變成跳板,1936年日本財團跟台灣總督府一起成立拓殖株式會社,他們去造林、採礦等等,事業版圖涵蓋台灣與南洋。中國跟日本1937年就開戰了,二次大戰時期,南進變成主要政策,日本工業化、台灣農業化,但到了1939年被「皇民化、工業化、南進基地化」的政策所取代,日本開始去佔領東南亞地區,高砂義勇軍變成日本在東南亞的最前線戰士。

台籍日本兵、軍伕投入南洋戰場,軍人2485人、軍屬59106人,共61591人;高砂義勇隊被派至呂宋島與新幾內亞島作戰(共七批,約4000人)。

拓南少年

他們念完基本教育後具備機械、建築等專業,在台灣受訓練的知識性幹部,被派去南洋取得當地的資源,並做石油提煉工作進行燃料補給。當時死亡台籍軍人共占15%,而沒有受過軍事訓練的台幹戰死的人數占了50%

1974年在印尼摩羅泰島上發現了一位阿美族人史尼育唔(中村輝夫、李光輝),在二戰期間參加高砂義勇隊的他,一直躲在摩羅泰島上,直到戰後約30年才被島上居民發現,最後回到台灣曾受到很高的關注。

另外還有一位陳智雄,畢業於東京外國語大學荷蘭語科,精通英、日、荷、馬來語、台語、北京官話,在太平洋戰爭期間至印尼擔任翻譯,戰後留在印尼經商,後支持蘇卡諾所領導的印尼獨立運動,同時他也鼓吹台灣獨立,遺憾最後被國民黨捕捉槍斃。

主辦:佐佐目藝文工作室
贊助:財團法人國家文化藝術基金會

 

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